Descartes s Meditations On First Philosophy Essay

First published in Latin in 1641, Renà © Descartes philosophical study, entitled Meditations On First Philosophy, poses a question that continues to be both continously relevant, and hotly debated, in the field of philosophy. One of Descartes main queries in his meditations is as follows; how can we be fully assured that we know anything at all? Descarets theorises that, whilst not all knowledge may provide probable doubt, we can never be fully certain that there is no room for doubt, and if we cannot be certain of our knowledge, we therefore cannot truly know anything. With this lack of foundational certainty for knowledge, Descartes then states that the logical next step would be to doubt every single thing that we believe, as without certainty, nothing can constitute knowledge. Certainty plays a pivotal and yet simple role in Descartes argument for global skepticism, yet its role is one that evolves throughout his meditations. Descartes starts off saying that only one thing is tr uly certain - the fact that nothing is certain – and from there goes on to explore what we can and cannot be certain of. Descartes first meditation, subtitled, Of the things which may be brought within the sphere of the doubtful, is, as the name suggests, an exploration of what can be believed for certain – which, according to Descartes, is essentially nothing at all - in regard to our beliefs and assumed knowledge . He begins by putting forward the argument that, having believed manyShow MoreRelatedDescartes s Meditations On First Philosophy1295 Words   |  6 Pagesback for centuries, millennia even. Over the years, many great thinkers have struggled to either defend or discredit this belief, a belief that has managed to spread to every corner of the globe. One such thinker is Renà © Descartes. In his Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes attempts to provide logical reasoning to support the existence of God, both asserting his own claims and defending them against possible objections. A prevalent argument against the existence of God is the simple fact thatRead MoreDescartes s Meditati ons On First Philosophy894 Words   |  4 PagesDescartes opens Meditations on First Philosophy by telling us that in order to purify our knowledge from falsehood we must become radical skeptics, and question everything we know as we clear our minds from what we believe to be true. Descartes soon realizes that this is a major problem. Because if he is doubtful of everything, there is nothing to be known as true and he would have no foundation to build his thoughts off of. Pondering this, he came to realize that he himself must be real becauseRead MoreDescartes s Meditations On First Philosophy986 Words   |  4 Pagesinwards, or as Renà © Descartes would call it, meditation. These ‘meditations’ are moments of reflection, time spent with one’s thoughts, and time to figure out where one is placed within the world. During one of these meditations, Descartes creates the phrase, â€Å"cogito ergo sum†, I think, therefore I am, in his monumental book, Princip les of Philosophy, though it was written in another form earlier, â€Å"ego sum, ego existo†, I am, I exist, in his book Meditations on First Philosophy. This phrase, put soRead MoreDescartes s Meditations On First Philosophy917 Words   |  4 PagesIn Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes introduces the dualistic idea of a sharp split between mind and body. This mind-body split is a Western secular idea and discounts many important aspects of the human experience. Descartes argues that, â€Å"†¦a body, by its very nature, is always divisible. On the other hand, the mind is utterly indivisible† (Descartes, 56). This idea that there is a distinct difference between the mind and the body is nonsensical from both a phenomenological and a scientificRead MoreDescartes s Meditations On First Philosophy1299 Words   |  6 PagesIn the third part of his Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes makes an argument for mentally proving the existence of God. Having pr eviously established the he exists and thinking thing, he then uses his method of clear and distinct perception, combined with a number of additional ideas he introduces in the chapter, to make his case. He produces an argument with some merit in its reasoning, though it is still able to be critiqued. Descartes engages in an effort to use what he attained inRead MoreRene Descartes s Meditation On First Philosophy802 Words   |  4 PagesRenà © Descartes objective in Meditation on First Philosophy is to construct philosophy as a solid methodical study and discipline alike the sciences. To do so he must first suspend belief in all things doubtful and from their go about verifying the true concepts of the world. In meditation II he verifies that he is a thinking thing and finds that the certainty of the cogito â€Å"I think therefore I am† lies in the distinct perception of what he affirms. From this he generates a general rule of evidenceRead MoreAnalysis Of Rene Descartes s Meditations On First Philosophy 1399 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophy Essay 1 Rene Descartes was born in in La Haye, France, in 1596 and he studied at La Fleche Jesuit College and University of Poitiers. Descartes also lived in Germany, Holland and Sweden. He then worked in the army as a private councillor and then as a court philosopher. Descartes book ‘Meditations on First Philosophy’ was first published in 1641. The edition used to write this essay was edited by John Cottingham and was published by the Cambridge University Press in 1996. Descartes wasRead MoreAnalysis Of Rene Descartes s Meditations On First Philosophy1066 Words   |  5 Pagesis reality? Among these writers were Renà ¨ Descartes and George Berkeley, who respectively argued that everything perceived must be real due to God being unable to deceive, and that the physical world only exists in one’s mind. In my view, it is not certain that the physical world is real, but one should act as if it is. Renà ¨ Descartes, in Meditations on First Philosophy, wrote each section after successive â€Å"meditations.† In Descartes’s first meditation, he claims it is unable to be proven whetherRead MoreMachiavelli s The Prince And Descartes s Meditations On First Philosophy2245 Words   |  9 Pagesphilosophers Machiavelli’s The Prince and Descartes’s Meditations on First Philosophy were revolutionary in terms of setting knowledge on new foundations. In the literary work The Prince Machiavelli details the guidelines that leaders should adhere to in order to maintain stability in their controlled lands by accurately summarizing the nature of humans as being ungrateful, vain, and selfish individuals. While Descartes in his work Meditations on First Philosophy ventures on a journey to decipher the relationshipRead MoreDescartes’ Cogito Argument Successfully Shows the Evil Demon Argument is Unsound888 Words   |  4 PagesDoes Descartes’ Cogito a rgument successfully show that the Evil Demon Argument is unsound? In this essay I will attempt to show that the philosopher, Renà ¨ Descartes’ Cogito Argument successfully proves the Evil Demon Argument to be unsound. By an analysis of the structure of the arguments and what they prove, I will show the evil demon argument to be unsound. An argument is unsound when the premises as false and the argument is invalid. This analysis of both structure and content will eventuate

The French Health Care System - 1548 Words

ï ¿ ¼! The French health care system was once a redundant, poor system that was less than satisfactory in providing care to its patients. Now, though, it is among the best in the world - and other countries have taken note. Canada, specifically as a post-industrial nation, has a poor health care system when compared to its European counterparts. Thus, Canada’s overall health would be better if we were to shift to French-style practices in the health section of the welfare state.! ! ! Its important to understand the context in which we are comparing countries. France and Canada share a number of similarities in socio-economic function, however, significant differences in population density, wealth and geographical influences are present. Canada has much colder weather on average than either of the other two countries, and is also arguably the most affluent. Canada had the highest income per capita in USD based on average exchange rate in 2013. These differences present some challenges to our comparison, however, for convenience, most of the data will be represented in a percentage or per-capita rate. The Canadian medical system has remained much the same over the past few decades. The current system, a Single Payer system, uses a straightforward way of billing. The government pays the physicians directly for the work they do, without the patient seeing the costs (Deber). There have been a number of issues associated with the use of this type of system, including the issue ofShow MoreRelatedThe French Health Care System2758 Words   |  11 Pagesage, which is 66%, French slightly lower (64%). However, the number is still better than most of the OECD countries such as the USA (OECD, 2013). In terms of health, life expectancy at birth in France is 82 years, which is higher than the OECD average (80 years). Specifically, life expectancy for females is 86 years while the figure for males is 79 (OECD, 2013). In 2000, the World Health Organisation (WHO) generated the annual report of which the theme was the health care system performance all overRead MoreWorld Health Organization Of The United States1197 Words   |  5 PagesWORLD HEALTH REPORT The World Health Organization carried out the first ever analysis of the world s health systems in June 2000. Using five performance indicators to measure health systems, it found that France provides the best overall health care, among the 191 member states surveyed followed amongst major countries Italy, Spain, Oman, Austria and Japan. Furthermore, the report found the U.S. health system ranked 37 out of 191 countries according to its performance. A number of factors explainRead MoreThe High Quality Of Health Care1133 Words   |  5 PagesThe average quality of health care in the U.S. is significantly more inaccessible than in other developed countries. The U.S. in aggregate spends significantly more on its healthcare industry, relative to other developed nations, and yet not all Americans have access to adequate health care services. In the present essay I compare the healthcare system in France with the U.S. system in regard to the Triple Aim framework (improving quality of care , improving the health of populations, and reducingRead MoreA Comparative Analysis of the Health Care System in France vs. the United States1318 Words   |  6 PagesA Comparative Analysis of the Health Care System in France vs the United States Introduction Everyone would agree that a good health system, above all, must contribute to good health. It is certainly not considered acceptable to protect or improve the average health of the population, if at the same time inequality worsens or remains high because the gain accrues disproportionately to those already enjoying better health. The responsibility of a health care system is also to reduce inequalitiesRead MoreBritish and French Health Care Essay example1507 Words   |  7 Pagesout the world today health care is a major issue in just about every country. Britain and France are no exception to this rule. Since a very long time ago there have been long standing battles between the people and governments as to how far the governments must go to provide adequate health care for its people. For the upper and middle classes health care usually comes with no problem but for the lower classes they are forced to depend on government assistance. In France health policy making takesRead MoreEssay on british and french health care1480 Words   |  6 Pagestoday health care is a major issue in just about every country. Britain and France are no exception to this rule. Since a very long time ago there have been long standing battles between the people and governments as to how far the governments must go to provide adequate health care for its people. For the upper and middle classes health care usually comes with no problem but for the lower classes they are forced to depend on government assistance. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In France health policyRead MoreSicko: Health Insurance1226 Words   |  5 Pagesanother health care system for the US? Sources : The movie ‘Sicko’ Outline Introduction What is the movie about? 1st body paragraph Topic sentence: What is wrong about the American health care system? Support: 2nd body paragraph Topic sentence: What are the possibilities to change it? Support : 3rd body paragraph Topic sentence: And if they are going to change it, which healthcare system would they take as an example? Conclusion: The health care system in theRead MoreHealth Care System in France 1715 Words   |  7 Pagesthe health care system throughout the world, while the United States of America (U.S) is ranked 37th (Sharipo, 2008). U.S currently spends around 8,233 dollars per person on health care (Kane, 2012). France spends on average 3300 dollars per person on health care (Sharipo, 2008). Nevertheless, the U.S still spends 17.6 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) goes to the health care system, while France spends 11.4 percent (Kane, 2012). If U.S spends 17.6 percent of the GDP on the health careRead MoreThe Healthcare System Between France And U.s Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pages The Healthcare System Between France and U.S.A: A Comparative Approach for a Better understanding Rida Khlifa University of Central Florida Author Note This paper was prepared for Health Care USA 3111 taught by Professor Yara Asi Abstract This Paper approaches aspects of the US healthcare system in a comparative analysis with the French one. The comparison and contrast analysis touches base with the basic health outcomes and their statistics, including measures suchRead MoreSimilarities Between France and Canada’s Health Care System846 Words   |  3 PagesMany would agree that a worthy, controlled health system, above all, should essentially contribute to good health. The responsibility of a health care system is that the organization of people, institutions, and resources deliver the health care services required and meet the health needs of focus populations. Another duty that the health care systems stimulate is the reduction of inequality to race, gender, social status and religion. Each health care system is different when looking at specific countries

Differnce Between Online and Physical Shopping Free Essays

Introduction Online shopping or online retailing is a form of electronic commerce whereby consumers directly buy goods or services from a seller over the Internet without an intermediary service. An online shop, eshop, e-store, Internet shop, webshop, webstore, online store, or virtual store evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at a bricks-and-mortar retailer or shopping centre As we know that online shopping is the easy way shopping but also there are certain advantages as well as disadvantages. To overcome the technological challenges as well as global challenges most of the business organizations are running towards ecommerce or e-business. We will write a custom essay sample on Differnce Between Online and Physical Shopping or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the shopping of the two items I choose malla emporium and muncha. com to buy Saree and amazon. com and GS electronics to buy watch. While going to shopping I was unknown that what kind of saree to buy so I went in muncha. com for online shopping of saree . There I got different types of saree which can fulfill my requirement. So I choose chiffon saree with blouse set. After then I moved to malla emporium for shopping of same that type of saree. There they show almost all kind of saree but I couldn’t find the saree like that which I got in muncha. It was so difficult to select saree and quality of it and while selecting there is a loss of time also but while doing by online it was easy and less time consuming. Another good that I would like to buy was watch. For watch I went to amazon. com which is a much known online business site. When I moved to amazon. com I was confused that which kind of watch I should buy. So I search watch at first then I saw titan watch which I like very much so I select that. To buy watch I went to GS electronics where there is showroom of watch. There I looked for the same watch but it was too difficult. I got titan watch but I couldn’t get the same one and the price rate was so different. 2. Shopping Comparison between Online and Physically In this world human being always prefer change. And by keeping in view this thing, there is another drastic change we see in shopping. Now a day we saw two types of shopping. The first is done by physically and the second is done by online. Attributes of shopping modes Characteristics Attributes Physical Shopping Online Shopping Information/Gathering ShoppingTravel cost- When I go to malla emporium for shopping there is a requirement of travel cost. No travel cost- While I do shopping through ebay, travel cost is not required. I can get a service in one click. Travel time- In the physically shopping we’ve to reach upto that store so there is loss of time. No travel time- As we do shopping by online then we can do shopping by one click in our home itself so time will be saved. More shopping fun- person have different view point. So while doing shopping physically we can enjoy. Less shopping fun- Online shopping is done by one click staying at a place so it’s not so fun. Less information certainity- That’s not sure that every shopkeeper tells the truth about the product so we cannot get full information about the product. More information certainity- We can get the real information that we want about the products in online shopping. Purchase/ TransactionHigher Purchase Price- When we do shopping by physically we’ve to charge high price because there is hidden cost like rental, inventory, labor cost. Lower purchase price- Online shopping help us to get a services in a reasonable price then physically shopping. Less distrust feelings caused by transactions. More distrust feelings caused by transactions. Transactions are mostly made by cash but in some place there are used of visa, debit cards. Transactions only occurred through master cards, credit cards, visa, debit card. Delivery timeNo delivery time- We can get the services by hand to hand so no delivery time is required. Delivery time- While doing shopping through online there is requirement of time for delivering of goods to us. Less inconvenience caused by delivery. More inconvenience caused by delivery. 3. Conclusion/ Recommendation Based on the project leading individuals to reallocate their time and money resources, this study examined the time and cost attributes of shopping modes, and explored the tradeoff between these two attributes, i. e. , the value of time, by assuming that consumers were faced with a shopping mode choice between physical store shopping and e-shopping. The final estimated value of time include two types: the value of travel time to shopping places, physical stores as far as this study concerned, and the value of waiting time for the delivery of purchased products. Of course consumers’ concern toward e-shopping is not only about time and cost. Some psychological aspects, such as information uncertainty and transaction security, have been playing an important role in dominating consumers’ e-shopping behavior, and have been even more widely discussed in the literature. However, ecommerce continues to advance, in speed and security in particular, it is generally believed that online information will be to a great extent improving both in quantity and quality in the near future. By that time, consumers’ negative perceptions towards e-shopping, such as information uncertainty and transaction security, may fade away. If this is going to be true, then consumers’ psychological concern over e-shopping may gradually be disappearing in the future. On the other hand, the economic concern over the travel problem; i. . , travel time and travel cost, about physical store shopping, and product delivery problem about e-shopping will ever exist. This makes the value of travel time is more costly then the value of delivery time, this study estimates worth noting. Moreover, this study also found that purchasing online to save travel time and travel cost, which is worth more for avoiding a shopping trip can be very inviting to consumers, even though it is at the cost of waiting for a delivery of purchased products, which is worth an average monetary value. While delivering goods there arises problem. Delivery charge differs according to the goods. First, the value of product delivery time seems to highly depend on the types of products consumers shop and purchase. After all, waiting for a delivery of saree may take more time which I need for the especial party and also while delivering watch also takes time which I had to gift for the birthday f my brother. But also this delivery time is reduce by this online business sites according to the products. According to this project I come to know that online shopping is better for shopping rather than physically shopping because there is saving of time, money and we can get the more information about the products and services which we don’t get from the physically shopping. In the case of security there is strict rules and regulations which help us to get the product safely. How to cite Differnce Between Online and Physical Shopping, Essay examples

Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Management †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Management. Answer: Introduction: There is a wide range of ways to describe BCP and DRP. A few organizations address these procedures independently, while others concentrate on a constant process that intertwines the plans. First of all, the most appropriate terms to define are a disaster and business continuity. In the business domain, an accident can be viewed as an occasion that keeps the continuation of necessary business capacities for a predetermined timeframe. In other words, the assessed blackout may constrain disaster declaration. Continuity of Business is one of the ways towards managing the operation of necessary frameworks. Business continuitys objective is to diminish and counteract time of blackout and optimise performance. In this case, B. C. Management is a holistic management process that is used to identify potential impacts that are deemed as a threat to an organization. It also gives a framework for resilience building, ensures a response that is adequate, and safeguards its key stakeholders inter ests, reputation, brand, and value(Gregg, 2013.). This paper will expound on security issues, controls, disaster recovery and business continuity planning. Operational risk and control evaluations are frequently the principal procedure that a firm uses to lead executive hazard administration. The assessment is usually completed without a functional risk management system set up and without much idea being given to high corporate authority around the numerous interlocking procedures of executive risk management. There are several ways of viewing risk and control assessment. The first one is a third party review. The review utilizes a central comprehension of primary goals and procedures together with an independent approval of evaluations. The other way is using facilitated assessments that are done by consultants for outside the company, risk management, and business managers. It utilizes the central comprehension to distinguish and agree on the business dangers with the business. The viability of internal controls is additionally archived, and action plans concur where necessary. Self-assessment is also another way, that is conducted by the business managers. It utilizes the detailed knowledge of individuals in the business to distinguish the business changes and to agree on their observing. Likewise, with facilitated sessions, control viability is additionally surveyed and action plans set up to improve insufficient controls(Blunden Thirlwell, 2013). It is essential for everybody in the group to understand that BCP is one of the most critical remedial authority the administration is supposed to have and to utilize the arranging time frame into a chance in shaping it(Olson, 2014). The Business Continuity Plan is something aside from restorative powers. It is additionally about preventive and analyst controls A survey can likewise be finished in a roundtable setting. Indeed, this gathering culmination may bestow collaboration to the procedure, giving the groups elements take into consideration communication opening and the needed essential people would be able to arrange and meet to examine what effect particular sorts of interruptions would have on the association. The significance of the consideration of each must be accentuated because the administration won't know about first critical undertakings for which they don't have direct oversight. Risk Analysis Matrix A risk assessment matrix is a diagram that plots the seriousness of an occasion happening on one hub, and its likelihood happening on the other. One can likewise organize the model as a table, where the hazard probability and effect are segments, and the dangers are recorded in lines. By picturing existing and potential risks along these lines, they can evaluate their impact, and furthermore distinguish which ones are a most astounding need(Broder Tucker, 2011). From that point, they can arrange to react to the dangers that need the most consideration. For one to place a risk in the assessment matrix, they put a rating to its severity and likelihood. They then plot it in the suitable position in their chart or refer the grade in their table. The standard classifications used when addressing severity are insignificant, minor, moderate, critical and catastrophic issues. Likelihood classifications are strange, seldom, occasionally, likely and definite occurrences(Broder Tucker, 2011). After placing each risk in the matrix, one can give it an overall ranking according to risk severity. Risks that have severe adverse outcomes and are profoundly prone to happen get the most noteworthy rank while risks with both low effect and low probability get the least rank. Hazard rankings consolidate effect and likelihood evaluations to enable one to distinguish which risks represent the most significant general risks(Hayes, Kotwica, Correia, 2013). A few organizations utilize a numeric scale to assign more particular risk rankings. However, most rankings fall into a couple of general classifications, which are frequently color-coded. Analysis and Mapping of Risks The accomplishment of a Disaster Recovery Plan can only be achieved when an office has staff that is educated, disaster issues and procedures that are arranged. A drawn up approval statement clarifies the organizations help for disaster planning process to all workers. Illuminating the arrangement's objectives and targets with the goal that top administration's expectations are the first order(Tsay, 2013). The plan is incorporated with particular techniques that reach colleagues and interchanges, vendors, support agencies, advisors, and anyone that is contracted by exceptional disaster and understandings are as a result. It must also include both big and small disasters and individual and group-wide cataclysmic events, for instance, tornados and widespread flooding must be addressed (Jasper, 2008). The arrangement should likewise characterize to the extent that business intrusion what makes up a disaster; along these lines, approving the initiation of the disaster recovery plan. A DR plan maps out the way toward proceeding standard business processes, remaking vital and other vital documents and hardware, and becomes a guide for all decision-makers and representatives during and after a calamity(Watters, 2014). The critical components of the arrangement fall into three classifications: the ones that are regular to every area of the settlement; the ones that relate principally to the revival of business operations; and the ones that link primarily to the remaking of vital information. Risk Monitoring Risk monitoring should be the last stage in BCP. It is supposed to make sure that the organization's business continuity plan is executable by performing BCP tests at least yearly, putting the BCP in the main review or audit, and keeping Business Continuity Plan up to date based on changes to employees and the external and internal environments(Blancher, 2013). The evolution of methodologies examination needs a choice of work concerning the test point and recurrence expected to guarantee recovery goals may be accomplished during an interruption and disaster.Testing procedures are supposed to give the stipulations and repeat for examining applications and work limits, which include the aiding information handling (Leitch, 2008). The system should join examination goals, contents, and timetables, and furthermore, oblige reexamination and uncovering of axam results. Administration should plainly describe what limits, systems, or techniques will be attempted and what should constitute a substantial examination. The examination programs goal is to make sure that the BCP stays correct, pertinent, and in operation to opposing terms.Testing is supposed to consolidate applications and organizational works that are perceived in the midst of the impact investigation(Bellalah, 2010). The work influence resolution chooses the recovery point goals and recovery time goals that by then aid in deciding the correct recovery tactics. Management is also obligated to build an examination plan for each BCP test strategy utilized. The exam plan ought to recognize quantifiable estimations of each exam goal. It is supposed to be checked on before the examination to guarantee it will be actualized as outlined without jeopardizing the generation condition. Management should also prepare to survey a content for each trial before trying to recognize shortcomings which may provide inadmissible or invalid tests. As a considerable part of the review method, the testing outline should be updated to speak to any movements to the significant workforce, approaches, frameworks, workplaces, equipment, outsourcing associations, traders, or different parts that influence an essential business work(Liz Taylor, 2014). That helps to avoid any surprises in case of an actual disaster. The testing plans suspicions ought to be approved to guarantee they are fit for work coherence necessities. The approval needs the support of necessary work , performance, and innovation faculty. Risk Contingency Plan The above is described as a preparation of the plan, or a course of activities, in case an adverse risk takes place. To have an idea already in position results in the project team thinking ahead as to the action that is supposed to be considered when a dangerous event occurs. Contingency can likewise be shown in the venture spending plan, as a detail to ensure unforeseen costs(Simonovic, 2012). The sum of the contingency budget is restricted to the high probability dangers. Assessing the value if a risk happens and multiplying it by the likelihood controls it. For instance, a hazard is evaluated to bring about an extra price which could be $50,000, and the possibility of happening is 80%. The sum that ought to be incorporated into a financial plan for the one thing is $40,000(Bachar, 2017). Related to an alternate course of action, are starting and stopping triggers. A starting trigger is an occasion that would actuate the alternative course of action, while is the criteria to conti nue normal operations is a stopping trigger (Calder Watkins, 2010.). The two ought to be recognized in the Risk plan and can be inserted, for instance; the stop trigger can be incorporated into the contingency plan field. It is an associated display that portrays and manages the relating segments of a media transmission or dealing with framework with no regard to the essential inward structure and progression. Its goal is the interoperability of several communication structures with standard customs(Oshana Kraeling, 2013). The model posts a memo framework into contemplating sheets. The important kind of the model portrayed seven sheets. The basic impression of OSI is the technique for communication between two points of end in a media program structure can be secluded into seven unique social gatherings of associated points of confinement. Each passing on client or program is a PC that gives those seven sheets of limit. So in a message between consumers, there could be a surge of material down through the sheets in the main PC, over the structure and after that up over the sheets in the receiving PC(Young, 2015). The seven point sheets of confinement are specified by a mix of vocations, structures th at are working, sort out card contraption drivers and structures association apparatus that empowers a structure to put a pennant on a structure connector out finished Wi-Fi or area network. Information Security Organization The Board of Directors (BoD) is primarily responsible for all of the corporate governance. Administration and controlling information security risks is a necessary piece of departmental management(Whitman Mattord, 2016). In practice, however, the Board unequivocally gives official work regarding most organizational issues to the Executive Directors, headed by the CEO(Mooney, 2015). Data security exercises ought to be coordinated all through to guarantee predictable use of the security standards, sayings and policy statements. All in all, calamity recuperation proposals for checking, keeping up, and recovery should be made a piece of any talks for securing new rigging, adjusting current equipment, or for taking off upgrades to the structure. The best strategy to accomplish this is to incorporate BCP review into all change organization frameworks. On the off chance that movements are required to the supported plans, they ought to similarly be accounted for and composed using change organization. A unified charge and control structure facilitates the weight. Perceiving and detailing events that speak to a risk to the aftereffect of an undertaking is just the underlying advance. It is comparably fundamental to screen all perils on a booked commence by a hazard administration gathering and provided details regarding in the endeavor status report. References Bachar, R. (2017). Contingency plan. Toronto: Carina Press,. Bellalah, M. (2010). Derivatives, risk management value. Singapore: World Scientific. Blancher, N. R. (2013). Systemic Risk Monitoring ("SysMo") toolkit -- a user guide. International Monetary Fund. Blunden, T., Thirlwell, J. (2013). Mastering operational risk: a practical guide to understanding operational risk and how to manage it. Harlow England: Pearson. Broder, J. F., Tucker, G. (2011). Risk Analysis and the Security Survey. Burlington: Elsevier Science. Calder, A., Watkins, S. G. (2010.). Information security risk management for ISO27001/ISO27002. Cambridgeshire : IT Governance Pub. Engwanda, M. N. (2015). Mobile Banking Adoption in the United States: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis. Jones International University, Centennial, CO, USA. Gregg, M. (2013.). CISSP exam cram. Indianapolis, Ind.: Pearson IT Certification. Hayes, B. E., Kotwica, K., Correia, D. (2013). Business continuity : Playbook. Boston: Oxford. Jasper, M. C. (2008). Protecting your business : disaster preparation and the law. New York: Oceana Publications. Leitch, M. (2008). Intelligent internal control and risk management : designing high-performance risk control systems. Aldershot, England : Gower. Liz Taylor. (2014). Practical enterprise risk management : how to optimize business strategies through managed risk taking. Philadelphia, PA : Kogan Page. Mooney, T. (2015). Information security : a practical guide : bridging the gap between IT and management. Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom : It Governance Publishing,. Olson, D. L. (2014). Supply chain risk management : tools for analysis. New York: Business Expert Press. Oshana, R., Kraeling, M. (2013). Software engineering for embedded systems : methods, practical techniques, and applications. Amsterdam : Newnes. Simonovic, S. P. (2012). Risk management. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. Tsay, R. S. (2013). Analysis of financial time series. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Watters, J. (2014). Disaster recovery, crisis response, and business continuity : a management desk reference. New York: Apress. Whitman, M. E., Mattord, H. J. (2016). Principles of information security. Australia Delmar. Young, D. (2015). A+ Essentials : OSI Model and Protocol Overview. Nashua, New Hampshire : Skillsoft Corporation.

Physics General Relativity and 19th Century Essay Example

Physics: General Relativity and 19th Century Essay Physics   is a  natural science  that involves the study of  matter  and its  motion  through  spacetime, as well as all related concepts, including  energy  and  force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of  nature, conducted in order to understand how the  universe  behaves. Physics is one of the oldest  academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of  astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics had been considered synonymous with  philosophy,  chemistry, and certain branches of  mathematics  and  biology, but during the  Scientific Revolution  in the 16th century, it emerged to become a unique modern science in its own right. However, in some subject areas such as in  mathematical physics  and  quantum chemistry, the boundaries of physics remain difficult to distinguish. Physics is both significant and influential, in part because advances in its understanding have often translated into new  technologies, but also because new ideas in physics often resonate with other sciences, mathematics, and philosophy. For example, advances in the understanding of  electromagnetism  or  nuclear physics  led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as  television,  computers,  domestic appliances, and  nuclear weapons; advances inthermodynamics  led to the development of motorized transport; and advances in  mechanics  inspired the development of  calculus. SCOPE AND AIMS OF PHYSICS Physics covers a wide range of  phenomena, from  elementary particles  (such as quarks, neutrinos and electrons) to the largest  superclusters  of galaxies. We will write a custom essay sample on Physics: General Relativity and 19th Century specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Physics: General Relativity and 19th Century specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Physics: General Relativity and 19th Century specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Included in these phenomena are the most basic objects from which all other things are composed, and therefore physics is sometimes called the fundamental science. [8]  Physics aims to describe the various phenomenon that occur in nature in terms of simpler phenomena. Thus, physics aims to both connect the things observable to humans to  root causes, and then to try to connect these causes together. For example, the  ancient Chinese  observed that certain rocks (lodestone) were attracted to one another by some invisible force. This effect was later called  magnetism, and was first rigorously studied in the 17th century. A little earlier than the Chinese, the  ancient Greeks  knew of other objects such as  amber, that when rubbed with fur would cause a similar invisible attraction between the two. This was also first studied rigorously in the 17th century, and came to be called  electricity. Thus, physics had come to understand two observations of nature in terms of some root cause (electricity and magnetism). However, further work in the 19th century revealed that these two forces were just two different aspects of one force –  electromagnetism. This process of unifying forces continues today, and electromagnetism and the  weak nuclear force  are now considered to be two aspects of the  electroweak interaction. Physics  is  closely  related to the other natural sciences and, in a sense, encompasses them. Chemistry, for example, deals with the interaction of atoms to form molecules; much of modern geology is largely a study of the physics of the earth and is known as geophysics; and astronomy deals with the physics of the stars and outer space. Even living systems are made up of fundamental particles and, as studied in biophysics and biochemistry, they follow the same types of laws as the simpler particles traditionally studied by a physicist. The  emphasis  on  the  interaction between particles in modern physics, known as the microscopic approach, must often be supplemented by a macroscopic approach that deals with larger elements or systems of particles. This macroscopic approach is indispensable to the application of physics to much of modern technology. Thermodynamics, for example, a branch of physics developed during the 19th century, deals with the elucidation and measurement of properties of a system as a whole and remains useful in other fields of physics; it also forms the basis of much of chemical and mechanical engineering. Such properties as the temperature, pressure, and volume of a gas have no meaning for an individual atom or molecule; these thermodynamic concepts can only be applied directly to a very large system of such particles. A bridge exists, however, between the microscopic and macroscopic approach; another branch of physics, known as statistical mechanics, indicates how pressure and temperature can be related to the motion of atoms and molecules on a statistical basis. Physics  emerged  as  a  separate science only in the early 19th century; until that time a physicist was often also a mathematician, philosopher, chemist, biologist, engineer, or even primarily a political leader or artist. Today the field has grown to such an extent that with few exceptions modern physicists have to limit their attention to one or two branches of the science. Once the fundamental aspects of a new field are discovered and understood, they become the domain of engineers and other applied scientists. The 19th-century discoveries in electricity and magnetism, for example, are now the province of electrical and communication engineers; the properties of matter discovered at the beginning of the 20th century have been applied in electronics; and the discoveries of nuclear physics, most of them not yet 40 years old, have passed into the hands of nuclear engineers for applications to peaceful or military uses. HISTORY OF PHYSICS Although  ideas  about  the physical world date from antiquity, physics did not emerge as a well-defined field of study until early in the 19th century. The  Babylonians,  Egyptians, and early Mesoamericans observed the motions of the planets and succeeded in predicting eclipses, but they failed to find an underlying system governing planetary motion. Little was added by the Greek civilization, partly because the uncritical acceptance of the ideas of the major philosophers Plato and Aristotle discouraged experimentation. Some  progress  was  made, however, notably in Alexandria, the scientific center of Greek civilization. There, the Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes designed various practical mechanical devices, such as levers and screws, and measured the density of solid bodies by submerging them in a liquid. Other important Greek scientists were the astronomer Aristarchus of Samos, who measured the ratio of the distances from the earth to the sun and the moon; the mathematician, astronomer, and geographer Eratosthenes, who determined the circumference of the earth and drew up a catalog of stars; the astronomer Hipparchus, who discovered the precession of the equinoxes; and the astronomer, mathematician, and geographer Ptolemy, who proposed the system of planetary motion that was named after him, in which the earth was the center and the sun, moon, and stars moved around it in circular orbits. Little  advance  was  made in physics, or in any other science, during the Middle Ages, other than the preservation of the classical Greek treatises, for which the Arab scholars such as Averroes and Al-Quarashi, the latter also known as Ibn al-Nafis, deserve much credit. The founding of the great medieval universities by monastic orders in Europe, starting in the 13th century, generally failed to advance physics or any experimental investigations. The Italian Scholastic philosopher and theologian Saint Thomas Aquinas, for instance, attempted to demonstrate that the works of Plato and Aristotle were consistent with the Scriptures. The English Scholastic philosopher and scientist Roger Bacon was one of the few philosophers who advocated the experimental method as the true foundation of scientific knowledge and who also did some work in astronomy, chemistry, optics, and machine design. The  advent  of  modern  science followed the Renaissance and was ushered in by the highly successful attempt by four outstanding individuals to interpret the behavior of the heavenly bodies during the 16th and early 17th centuries. The Polish natural philosopher Nicolaus Copernicus propounded the heliocentric system that the planets move around the sun. He was convinced, however, that the planetary orbits were circular, and therefore his system required almost as many complicated elaborations as the Ptolemaic system it was intended to replace (see Copernican System). The Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, believing in the Ptolemaic system, tried to confirm it by a series of remarkably accurate measurements. These provided his assistant, the German astronomer Johannes Kepler, with the data to overthrow the Ptolemaic system and led to the enunciation of three laws that conformed with a modified heliocentric theory. Galileo, having heard of the invention of the telescope, constructed one of his own and, starting in 1609, was able to confirm the heliocentric system by observing the phases of the planet Venus. He also discovered the surface irregularities of the moon, the four brightest satellites of Jupiter, sunspots, and many stars in the Milky Way. Galileos interests were not limited to astronomy; by using inclined planes and an improved water clock, he had earlier demonstrated that bodies of different weight fall at the same rate (thus overturning Aristotles dictums), and that their speed increases uniformly with the time of fall. Galileos astronomical discoveries and his work in mechanics foreshadowed the work of the 17th-century English mathematician and physicist Sir Isaac Newton, one of the greatest scientists who ever lived. NEWTON AND MECHANICS Starting  about  1665,  at the age of 23, Newton enunciated the principles of mechanics, formulated the law of universal gravitation, separated white light into colors, proposed a theory for the propagation of light, and invented differential and integral calculus. Newtons contributions covered an enormous range of natural phenomena: He was thus able to show that not only Keplers laws of planetary motion but also Galileos discoveries of falling bodies follow a combination of his own second law of motion and the law of gravitation, and to predict the appearance of comets, explain the effect of the moon in producing the tides, and explain the precession of the equinoxes. The  subsequent  development of physics owes much to Newtons laws of motion, notably the second, which states that the force needed to accelerate an object will be proportional to its mass times the acceleration. If the force and the initial position and velocity of a body are given, subsequent positions and velocities can be computed, although the force may vary with time or position; in the latter case, Newtons calculus must be applied. This simple law contained another important aspect: Each body has an inherent property, its inertial mass, which influences its motion. The greater this mass, the slower the change of velocity when a given force is impressed. Even today, the law retains its practical utility, as long as the body is not very small, not very massive, and not moving extremely rapidly. Newtons third law, expressed simply as â€Å"for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction,† recognizes, in more sophisticated modern terms, that all forces between particles come in oppositely directed pairs, although not necessarily along the line joining the particles. Gravity Newtons  more  specific contribution to the description of the forces in nature was the elucidation of the force of gravity. Today scientists know that in addition to gravity only three other fundamental forces give rise to all observed properties and activities in the universe: those of electromagnetism, the so-called strong nuclear interactions that bind together the neutrons and protons within atomic nuclei, and the weak interactions between some of the elementary particles that account for the phenomenon of radioactivity. Understanding of the force concept, however, dates from the universal law of gravitation, which recognizes that all material particles, and the bodies that are composed of them, have a property called gravitational mass. This property causes any two particles to exert attractive forces on each other (along the line joining them) that are directly proportional to the product of the masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the particles. This force of gravity governs the motion of the planets about the sun and the earths own gravitational field, and it may also be responsible for the possible gravitational collapse, the final stage in the life cycle of stars. See Black Hole; Gravitation; Star. One  of  the  most  important observations of physics is that the gravitational mass of a body (which is the source of one of the forces existing between it and another particle), is effectively the same as its inertial mass, the property that determines the motional response to any force exerted on it. This equivalence, now confirmed experimentally to within one part in 1013, holds in the sense of proportionality—that is, when one body has twice the gravitational mass of another, it also has twice the inertial mass. Thus, Galileos demonstrations, which antedate Newtons laws, that bodies fall to the ground with the same acceleration and hence with the same motion, can be explained by the fact that the gravitational mass of a body, which determines the forces exerted on it, and the inertial mass, which determines the response to that force, cancel out. The  full  significance of this equivalence between gravitational and inertial masses, however, was not appreciated until Albert Einstein, the theoretical physicist who enunciated the theory of relativity, saw that it led to a further implication: the inability to distinguish between a gravitational field and an accelerated frame of reference (see the Modern Physics: Relativity section of this article). The  force  of  gravity  is the weakest of the four forces of nature when elementary particles are considered. The gravitational force between two protons, for example, which are among the heaviest elementary particles, is at any given distance only 10-36 the magnitude of the electrostatic forces between them, and for two such protons in the nucleus of an atom, this force in turn is many times smaller than the strong nuclear interaction. The dominance of gravity on a macroscopic scale is due to two reasons: (1) Only one type of mass is known, which leads to only one kind of gravitational force, which is attractive. The many elementary particles that make up a large body, such as the earth, therefore exhibit an additive effect of their gravitational forces in line with the addition of their masses, which thus become very large. (2) The gravitational forces act over a large range, and decrease only as the square of the distance between two bodies. By  contrast,  the  electric charges of elementary particles, which give rise to electrostatic and magnetic forces, are either positive or negative, or absent altogether. Only particles with opposite charges attract one another, and large composite bodies therefore tend to be electrically neutral and inactive. On the other hand, the nuclear forces, both strong and weak, are extremely short range and become hardly noticeable at distances of the order of 1 million-millionth of an inch. Despite  its  macroscopic importance, the force of gravity remains so weak that a body must be very massive before its influence is noticed by another. Thus, the law of universal gravitation was deduced from observations of the motions of the planets long before it could be checked experimentally. Not until 1771 did the British physicist and chemist Henry Cavendish confirm it by using large spheres of lead to attract small masses attached to a torsion pendulum, and from these measurements also deduced the density of the earth. In  the  two  centuries  after Newton, although mechanics was analyzed, reformulated, and applied to complex systems, no new physical ideas were added. The Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler first formulated the equations of motion for rigid bodies, while Newton had dealt only with masses concentrated at a point, which thus acted like particles. Various mathematical physicists, among them Joseph Louis Lagrange of France and Sir William Rowan Hamilton of Ireland extended Newtons second law in more sophisticated and elegant reformulations. Over the same period, Euler, the Dutch-born scientist Daniel Bernoulli, and other scientists also extended Newtonian mechanics to lay the foundation of fluid mechanics. Electricity and Magnetism Although  the  ancient  Greeks were aware of the electrostatic properties of amber, and the Chinese as early as 2700 bc made crude magnets from lodestone, experimentation with and the understanding and use of electric and magnetic phenomena did not occur until the end of the 18th century. In 1785 the French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb first confirmed experimentally that electrical charges attract or repel one another according to an inverse square law, similar to that of gravitation. A powerful theory to calculate the effect of any number of static electric charges arbitrarily distributed was subsequently developed by the French mathematician Simeon-Denis Poisson and the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. A  positively  charged  particle attracts a negatively charged particle, tending to accelerate one toward the other. If the medium through which the particle moves offers resistance to that motion, this may be reduced to a constant-velocity (rather than accelerated) motion, and the medium will be heated up and may also be otherwise affected. The ability to maintain an electromotive force that could continue to drive electrically charged particles had to await the development of the chemical battery by the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1800. The classical theory of a simple electric circuit assumes that the two terminals of a battery are maintained positively and negatively charged as a result of its internal properties. When the terminals are connected by a wire, negatively charged particles will be simultaneously pushed away from the negative terminal and attracted to the positive one, and in the process heat up the wire that offers resistance to the motion. Upon their arrival at the positive terminal, the battery will force the particles toward the negative terminal, overcoming the opposing forces of Coulombs law. The German physicist Georg Simon Ohm first discovered the existence of a simple proportionality constant between the current flowing and the electromotive force supplied by a battery, known as the resistance of the circuit. Ohms law, which states that the resistance is equal to the electromotive force, or voltage, divided by the current, is not a fundamental and universally applicable law of physics, but rather describes the behavior of a limited class of solid materials. The  historical  concepts of magnetism, based on the existence of pairs of oppositely charged poles, had started in the 17th century and owe much to the work of Coulomb. The first connection between magnetism and electricity, however, was made through the pioneering experiments of the Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christian Oersted, who in 1819 discovered that a magnetic needle could be deflected by a wire nearby carrying an electric current. Within one week after learning of Oersteds discovery, the French scientist Andre Marie Ampere showed experimentally that two current-carrying wires would affect each other like poles of magnets. In 1831 the British physicist and chemist Michael Faraday discovered that an electric current could be induced (made to flow) in a wire without connection to a battery, either by moving a magnet or by placing another current-carrying wire with an unsteady—that is, rising and falling—current nearby. The intimate connection between electricity and magnetism, now established, can best be stated in terms of electric or magnetic fields, or forces that will act at a particular point on a unit charge or unit current, respectively, placed at that point. Stationary electric charges produce electric fields; currents—that is, moving electric charges—produce magnetic fields. Electric fields are also produced by changing magnetic fields, and vice versa. Electric fields exert forces on charged particles as a function of their charge alone; magnetic fields will exert an additional force only if the charges are in motion. These  qualitative  findings were finally put into a precise mathematical form by the British physicist James Clerk Maxwell who, in developing the partial differential equations that bear his name, related the space and time changes of electric and magnetic fields at a point with the charge and current densities at that point. In principle, they permit the calculation of the fields everywhere and any time from a knowledge of the charges and currents. An unexpected result arising from the solution of these equations was the prediction of a new kind of electromagnetic field, one that was produced by accelerating charges, that was propagated through space with the speed of light in the form of an electromagnetic wave, and that decreased with the inverse square of the distance from the source. In 1887 the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz succeeded in actually generating such waves by electrical means, thereby laying the foundations for radio, radar, television, and other forms of telecommunications. See Electromagnetic Radiation. The  behavior  of  electric and magnetic fields in these waves is quite similar to that of a very long taut string, one end of which is rapidly moved up and down in a periodic fashion. Any point along the string will be observed to move up and down, or oscillate, with the same period or with the same frequency as the source. Points along the string at different distances from the source will reach the maximum vertical displacements at different times, or at a different phase. Each point along he string will do what its neighbor did, but a little later, if it is further removed from the vibrating source. The speed with which the disturbance, or the message to oscillate, is transmitted along the string is called the wave velocity. This is a function of the medium, its mass, and the tension in the case of a string. An instantaneous snapshot of the string (after it has been in motion for a while) would show equispaced points having the same displaceme nt and motion, separated by a distance known as the wavelength, which is equal to the wave velocity divided by the frequency. In the case of the electromagnetic field one can think of the electric-field strength as taking the place of the up-and-down motion of each piece of the string, with the magnetic field acting similarly at a direction at right angles to that of the electric field. The electromagnetic-wave velocity away from the source is the speed of light. The  apparent  linear  propagation of light was known since antiquity, and the ancient Greeks believed that light consisted of a stream of corpuscles. They were, however, quite confused as to whether these corpuscles originated in the eye or in the object viewed. Any satisfactory theory of light must explain its origin and disappearance and its changes in speed and direction while it passes through various media. Partial answers to these questions were proposed in the 17th century by Newton, who based them on the assumptions of a corpuscular theory, and by the English scientist Robert Hooke and the Dutch astronomer, mathematician, and physicist Christiaan Huygens, who proposed a wave theory. No experiment could be performed that distinguished between the two theories until the demonstration of interference in the early 19th century by the British physicist and physician Thomas Young. The French physicist Augustin Jean Fresnel decisively favored the wave theory. Interference  can  be  demonstrated by placing a thin slit in front of a light source, stationing a double slit farther away, and looking at a screen spaced some distance behind the double slit. Instead of showing a uniformly illuminated image of the slits, the screen will show equispaced light and dark bands. Particles coming from the same source and arriving at the screen via the two slits could not produce different light intensities at different points and could certainly not cancel each other to yield dark spots. Light waves, however, can produce such an effect. Assuming, as did Huygens, that each of the double slits acts as a new source, emitting light in all directions, the two wave trains arriving at the screen at the same point will not generally arrive in phase, though they will have left the two slits in phase. Depending on the difference in their paths, â€Å"positive† displacements arriving at the same time as â€Å"negative† displacements of the other will tend to cancel out and produce darkness, while the simultaneous arrival of either positive or negative displacements from both sources will lead to reinforcement or brightness. Each apparent bright spot undergoes a timewise variation as successive in-phase waves go from maximum positive through zero to maximum negative displacement and back. Neither the eye nor any classical instrument, however, can determine this rapid â€Å"flicker,† which in the visible-light range has a frequency from 4 ? 014 to 7. 5 ? 1014 Hz, or cycles per second. Although it cannot be measured directly, the frequency can be inferred from wavelength and velocity measurements. The wavelength can be determined from a simple measurement of the distance between the two slits, and the distance between adjacent bright bands on the screen; it ranges from 4 ? 10-5 cm (1. 6 ? 10-5 in) for violet light to 7. 5 ? 10-5 cm (3 ? 10-5 in) for red light with intermediate wavelengths for the other colors. The  first  measurement of the velocity of light was carried out by the Danish astronomer Olaus Roemer in 1676. He noted an apparent time variation between successive eclipses of Jupiters moons, which he ascribed to the intervening change in the distance between Earth and Jupiter, and to the corresponding difference in the time required for the light to reach the earth. His measurement was in fair agreement with the improved 19th-century observations of the French physicist Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau, and with the work of the American physicist Albert Abraham Michelson and his coworkers, which extended into the 20th century. Today the velocity of light is known very accurately as 299,292. 6 km (185,971. 8 mi sec) in vacuum. In matter, the velocity is less and varies with frequency, giving rise to a phenomenon known as dispersion. Maxwells  work  contributed several important results to the understanding of light by showing that it was electromagnetic in origin and that electric and magnetic fields oscillated in a light wave. His work predicted the existence of nonvisible light, and today electromagnetic waves or radiations are known to cover the spectrum from amma rays, with wavelengths of 10-12 cm (4 ? 10-11 in), through X rays, visible light, microwaves, and radio waves, to long waves of hundreds of kilometers in length. It also related the velocity of light in vacuum and through media to other observed properties of space and matter on which electrical and magnetic effects depend. Maxwells discoveries, however, did not provide any insight into the mysterious medium, corresponding to the string, th rough which light and electromagnetic waves had to travel. Based on the experience with water, sound, and elastic waves, scientists assumed a similar medium to exist, a â€Å"luminiferous ether† without mass, which was all-pervasive (because light could obviously travel through a massless vacuum), and had to act like a solid (because electromagnetic waves were known to be transverse and the oscillations took place in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation, and gases and liquids could only sustain longitudinal waves, such as sound waves). The search for this mysterious ether occupied physicists attention for much of the last part of the 19th century. The  problem  was  further compounded by an extension of a simple problem. A person walking forward with a speed of 3. 2 km/h (2 mph) in a train traveling at 64. 4 km/h (40 mph) appears to move at 67. 6 km/h (42 mph), to an observer on the ground. In terms of the velocity of light the question that now arose was: If light travels at about 300,000 km/sec (about 186,000 mi/sec) through the ether, at what velocity should it travel relative to an observer on earth while the earth also moves through the ether? Or, alternately, what is the earths velocity through the ether? The famous Michelson-Morley experiment, first performed in 1887 by Michelson and the American chemist Edward Williams Morley using an interferometer, was an attempt to measure this velocity; if the earth were traveling through a stationary ether, a difference should be apparent in the time taken by light to traverse a given distance, depending on whether it travels in the direction of or perpendicular to the earths motion. The experiment was sensitive enough to detect even a very slight difference by interference; the results were negative. Physics was now in a profound quandary from which it was not rescued until Einstein formulated his theory of relativity in 1905. Thermodynamics A  branch  of  physics  that assumed major stature during the 19th century was thermodynamics. It began by disentangling the previously confused concepts of heat and temperature, by arriving at meaningful definitions, and by showing how they could be related to the heretofore purely mechanical concepts of work and energy. Heat And Temperature A  different  sensation is experienced when a hot or a cold body is touched, leading to the qualitative and subjective concept of temperature. The addition of heat to a body leads to an increase in temperature (as long as no melting or boiling occurs), and in the case of two bodies at different temperatures brought into contact, heat flows from one to the other until their temperatures become the same and thermal equilibrium is reached. To arrive at a scientific measure of temperature, scientists used the observation that the addition or subtraction of heat produced a change in at least one well-defined property of a body. The addition of heat, for example, to a column of liquid maintained at constant pressure increased the length of the column, while the heating of a gas confined in a container raised its pressure. Temperature, therefore, can invariably be measured by one other physical property, as in the length of the mercury column in an ordinary thermometer, provided the other relevant properties remain unchanged. The mathematical relationship between the relevant physical properties of a body or system and its temperature is known as the equation of state. Thus, for an ideal gas, a simple relationship exists between the pressure, p, volume V, number of moles n, and the absolute temperature T, given by pV = nRT, where R is the same constant for all ideal gases. Boyles law, named after the British physicist and chemist Robert Boyle, and Gay-Lussacs law or Charless law, named after the French physicists and chemists Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles, are both contained in this equation of state. Until  well  into  the  19th century, heat was considered a massless fluid called caloric, contained in matter and capable of being squeezed out of or into it. Although the so-called caloric theory answered most early questions on thermometry and calorimetry, it failed to provide a sound explanation of many early 19th-century observations. The first true connection between heat and other forms of energy was observed in 1798 by the Anglo-American physicist and statesman Benjamin Thompson who noted that the heat produced in the boring of cannon was roughly proportional to the amount of work done. In mechanics, work is the product of a force on a body and the distance through which the body moves during its application. The First Law of Thermodynamics The  equivalence  of  heat and work was explained by the German physicist Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz and the British mathematician and physicist William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, by the middle of the 19th century. Equivalence means that doing work on a system can produce exactly the same effect as adding heat; thus the same temperature rise can be achieved in a gas contained in a vessel by adding heat or by doing an appropriate amount of work through a paddle wheel sticking into the container w

Clueless essays

Clueless essays Clueless is a modern day film based on the novel Emma by Jane Austin. The film includes the themes teen love, appearance, social class and friendship. There are 2 main characters in the film, the first is Cher, she is a rich teenage girl living in Beverly Hills and the second main character is Josh; who is her stepbrother who has come to stay. The film is about Cher trying to match make the new girl at Chers school, Ty, so that she will become popular, however in doing this Cher doesnt realise that she is only making herself and Ty unhappy. The main issue of the film is Chers journey to self-knowledge and understanding about herself and how other people, particularly Josh, try to help her get there. Cher is constructed as rich, beautiful, she lives in a nice house, is popular and incredibly clueless. The audience is positioned to responds to this construct by liking Cher from the beginning. It is often argued that the film Clueless has had great impact on the teenage generation. The opening two scenes in Clueless established Cher and her place in the world. The first scene showed all of Chers friends, her house and her jeep. Having all these things flashing in a montage the audience feels that they know what the story is about quickly at the beginning. During the montage the camera used tilt up shots, looking up at girls sunbaking on the rocks, these make the character look superior, and they used medium shots and also used almost every type of shot because this gives a wide view of the things in Chers life. This scene constructs Cher as a rich, selfish upper class girl. The opening scene in the film is set to the song Kids in America and Cher and her friends are a perfect match for the song. Cher and her friends are all good looking in this scene and the characters also all have nice clothes and therefore the audience is positioned to like them. The audience has been positioned to respond ...

The 21 ACT Tips You Should Be Using Today

The 21 ACT Tips You Should Be Using Today SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The ACT has a straightforward test format, but that doesn’t mean it’s an easy test. You’re going to need to know how it’s structured and what kinds of questions to expect on each section in order to do well. In this article, I’ve listed 20 essential ACT tips, broken down by section, that will help you conquer the most difficult aspects of the test. ACT English Tips Tip #1: Know Your Grammar Rules The safest way to make sure you feel confident on the ACT English section is to memorize the grammar rules that will be on the test.On the ACT, it’s not enough to rely on whether something "sounds correct" to you.Since the test is standardized, you need to be prepared for the specific types of rules it will test and what it considers to be correct grammar.These won’t necessarily be rules you consistently use or are aware of in your everyday speech and writing. Thepassage-based format of ACT English can also present unique challenges.You need to make sure you’re reading the WHOLE sentence that you're being asked to edit.Sometimes the phrasing of an earlier part of a sentence will determine the correct answer for a change to the grammar of a later part. Tip #2: Watch Out for No Change Answers Many questions on ACT English that ask you about improving the grammar of sentences will also include a â€Å"no change† answer option.This option is risky because if you don’t know the grammar rule being broken, it’s easy to pick â€Å"no change† by accident.That’s why it’s important to be aware of how often you’re choosing â€Å"no change†. If it seems like you're choosing it more often than once every 4 or so questions, there might be something you’re missing.On any question where you’re tempted to pick â€Å"no change†, look at the sentence extra carefully and make sure there isn't another possibility.Read the sentence through again using all of the other options presented. If all of them still seem wrong, then â€Å"no change† is probably correct. ACT Writing Tips Tip #3: Plan Essay Examples Beforehand A great way to reduce stress on the ACT essay is to plan out the examples that you’ll use before the test.The essay prompts on the ACT are all relatively similar, so it’s not too difficult to come up with universal examples that could work for any of them.If you already have examples prepared, the hard work will be done for you.The only thing you’ll have to do during the test is relate them to the specific details of the prompt and to your opinions. You should also know that you don’t have to be factually accurate in your essay;if you have to twist the facts in your examples a bit to fit the needs of the prompt, that’s ok!The graders won't take points off because the essay is about your ability to structure your thoughts and answer the prompt logically, not about your level of outside knowledge. You can even say we actually landed on the moon! WAKE UP SHEEPLE Tip #4: Cater to the Essay Graders Just like all other parts of the ACT, the essay has to be as standardized as possible.This means there are a couple of things you can do to raise your score reliably: Make it at least two pages The grade of an essay isn’t technically supposed to be related to its length, but there is a positive correlation between essay length and essay score on the ACT.This does make some degree of sense: longer essays are going to provide more examples and support for the points they’re making.A good rule of thumb is to try and make your essay at least two pages long. Be sure to write an introduction and conclusion The quality of the introduction and conclusion of your essay will disproportionately affect your score, so you should ALWAYS include both of them.The essay graders are looking for a clear thesis that answers the question posed by the prompt and lists relevant examples.If you make it easy for the graders to figure out the point you’re trying to make, your score will come out better. Use varied word choice and writing style High scoring essays are the ones that flow well and are not repetitive.Try not to use the same phrases over and over or structure every topic sentence and transition the same way.Switch around your wording as much as possible while preserving the integrity of your original points. ACT Math Tips Tip #5: Know the Formulas It’s very important to know math formulas for the ACT because you aren’t provided with any of them on the test (except sometimes for individual questions that require the use of a weird formula).You’re going to waste a lot of unnecessary time on easy questions if you don’t memorize formulas, so you should get this out of the way first if you’re just starting to study for the ACT.Read our article on the formulas you need to know so you’ll be prepared! Tip #6: Fill in Content Gaps Sometimes knowing formulas isn’t enough if you haven’t encountered a certain type of question or content area in your classes before.When you do practice tests, make note of the questions you miss and see if there are any patterns in terms of question type.This could indicate weakness in a specific content area. Before you go any further with your math studying, you should focus on filling in the content gaps you find; this will improve your scores dramatically.Find study resources that deal directly with the problems you’re having, whether it’s geometry, algebra, trigonometry, or something else. Tip #7: Solve It on Your Own In order to fully understand your mistakes on ACT Math, it’s a good idea to force yourself to solve for the correct answer before reading answer explanations.When you get a question wrong, make note of the answer you should have gotten and see if you can arrive there without reading the explanation.You will have a much more solid grasp of the solution process if you go through it yourself rather than just reading about it.This exercise will give you a better chance of answering correctly if you come across a similar question in the future. Do we, though? ACT Reading Tips Tip #8: Read to Your Strengths The ACT is a very predictable test, and this is especially true on the reading section.There will always be four topic areas on ACT Reading in the following order: 1. Prose Fiction/Literary Narrative2. Social Science3. Humanities4. Natural Science Since you know what’s coming, you can make an informed decision about the order in which you’ll read the passages.If, for example, you’re more of a science person, you might decide to read the Natural Science passage or pair of passages first because it’s going to be the most interesting to you and the easiest to get through. This will give you an advantage because you’ll have enough time to answer questions that are easy for you and will earn you the most points.If you were to go through the reading section in order, you might end up rushing on the Natural Sciences passage(s) and not reaching your full score potential! Tip #9: Find a Good Passage Reading Method It’s extremely important to make sure you’re reading ACT passages in the most efficient way for your learning style. You don’t get much time per question on the reading section, so you have to use every minute wisely.Here are three potential reading strategies you might use: 1. Skim the passage first In my view, this is the best way to read ACT passages.By skimming first, you get a good sense of the main ideas of the passage and also might catch a lot of the details that the questions ask about.The best way to skim is to read the introduction and conclusion paragraphs, then the first and last sentences of every body paragraph.After skimming, you should try and answer any big picture questionsabout the passage first while the main ideas are fresh in your mind. 2. Do the questions first This is another viable option, even though it might seem risky.If you skip straight to the questions, you can start with detail questions and work your way up to big picture questions.In the process of finding the details, you will accumulate knowledge about the main ideas of the passage and eventually be able to answer the questions that are wider in scope.If you don't get all the information you need for big picture questions this way, you can always go back and skim, paying close attention to the introduction and conclusion paragraphs. 3. Read thoroughly This is the method that most people use instinctively because it’s what they’ve been told to do in school.Reading thoroughly can be fine if you’re a fast reader and have strong reading comprehension skills even under pressure.BUT if you experiment with the other methods and find that you can save yourself some time and not sacrifice any points, you’re probably better off using one of them instead. Whichever strategy you use, make sure you read the introductory blurb that’s included with each passage before you do anything else!This will give you helpful context for what to expect in the passage in terms of setting, content, and writing style. Tip #10: Predict the Answer Before you look at the answer choices for a reading question, you should try and think for yourself about what the answer might be.Doing this exercise can help to eliminate some of the confusion that might occur if you just looked at the answer choices right away.If you already have an answer in mind, you will be less compelled to pick answers that are plausible but not objectively correct. Sometimes it’s also helpful to rephrase the question in your own words if you find it to be confusing.This will likewise allow you to maintain your focus and avoid choosing answers that are not quite the right fit for the question based on the passage. (ACT questions only) Tip #11: Rely on Direct Evidence Remember that every question in the reading section has an answer that is supported by direct evidence in the passage!You shouldn’t have to make unsupported assumptions in order to answer any of the questions.There will always be SOMETHING that you can cite to give credence to your choice. If you can’t find evidence for an answer, you have to eliminate it even if it sounds plausible.There’s a big difference between plausible and correct on the ACT.Even with inference questions, which ask you to look beyond literal facts in the passages, you should still be able to find evidence for your answers.This is when you might have to look for context clues or connotation in words around the section of the passage you’re referencing in order to point you in the right direction. Tip #12: Get Intellectually Curious It might seem silly, but try and be interested in the material you’re reading.This will not only help you to absorb information better, but will also allow you to get something productive out of the test besides your score.You’ll have a much better time if you treat ACT reading as a pleasant learning experience and not a chore! ACT Science Tips Tip #13: Do the Conflicting Viewpoints Section Last The conflicting viewpoints passage on ACT Science is usually the most time-consuming part of the section and often the most difficult.It’s different from the rest of ACT Science because it doesn’t present any actual data.It just gives you a couple of passages that express different scientific opinions and asks you to answer questions about them. This requires a strong combination of reading comprehension and scientific reasoning skills.It’s a good idea to save conflicting viewpoints for last because you will eliminate the risk of getting stick on it and not having time to answer easier questions later on in the science section. Tip #14: Focus on the Visuals It’s best to ignore the introductions laden with technical terms that are provided to you on the science section and skip right to the graphs.When it comes down to it, almost all the questions you’ll see on ACT science can be answered just by looking at the data presented in the visuals.All of the other information is just there to distract and confuse you - don’t let it! Tip #15: Don’t Be Intimidated The main obstacle to succeeding on ACT science is just the fact that it LOOKS scary.Well, I’m here to tell you that it’s really not that hard - you don’t even have to know much science beyond what you learned back in elementary school. You may run into terms that you don’t know, but you most likely won’t have to understand them in order to answer questions correctly.They’re only in there to make this section seem more difficult than it actually is. This fools a lot of people, but if you stay calm and remember that you’ll never have to know any high-level science to do well, you should be fine.Focus solely on what the questions are asking and read the graphs logically, and you’ll do well! But you should probably watch out for that train behind you... Overall ACT Test Taking Tips Tip #16: Use Process of Elimination As I’ve written in another article, the fundamental rule of ACT Reading is that there is only one absolutely correct answer for each question, and you need to learn to eliminate the other three choices.This elimination rule applies to the other sections of the ACT as well.It’s far easier to work on eliminating incorrect answers than to try and pick out the correct answer right away. For each choice, ask yourself - where is the evidence? Does this answer the question?If anything in the choice doesn’t match up with what you read in the passage or the data you’re referencing, eliminate it.If an answer is only halfway right, it’s wrong! Tip #17: Skip Difficult Questions For students who struggle with running out of time on the ACT, lingering too much on hard questions is a major pitfall.If you find yourself floundering on a question, it’s a good idea to skip it on your first pass through the section.Just circle it so that it will be easier to spot when you go back through the questions. If you’re spending more than: 30 seconds on an English question60 seconds on a Math question45 seconds on a Reading or Science question SKIP IT! Take timed practice tests to experiment with how it feels to spend this much time on a question so that during the real ACT you’ll have a good sense of when you need to move on. Tip #18: Double Check Your Answers At the end of each section, if you have a few minutes left, you should go back through and check your answers to be sure you didn’t make any careless mistakes.As you’re answering questions, you can put a little star next to the ones you’re unsure about so you will know to focus on them if you have time at the end. Things to look for when double checking: 1. â€Å"LEAST† or â€Å"EXCEPT† questions - these are breeding grounds for careless mistakes. 2. Questions where you went back and forth between two answers - if you were unsure about a question, it's a good idea to go back and check it again. 3. Whichever types of questions you know you tend to have trouble with - for example, you might be extra careful with double checking the conflicting viewpoints passage questions for science. Tip #19: Do Your Bubbling Last You can actually save yourself a few minutes of time if you don’t bubble in your answers until the end of the section.As you go along, circle your choices in the test booklet so it will be easy for you to go through and fill in all the correct bubbles on your answer sheet later.This tip helps you to avoid the annoying process of switching between the test booklet and the answer sheet that will cost you a few seconds on every question. Before you decide to use this tip, make sure you’re capable of finishing the section with at least 3-5 minutes to spare.You don’t want to get stuck in a situation where you answered all the questions but didn’t have time to fill in all the bubbles. Another important thing to remember on the ACT is that you should always bubble in an answer for every question.There is no guessing penalty, so it’s to your advantage to fill in a bubble for every question even if you don’t have a clue what the answer is.You could get lucky, and if you don’t it won’t impact your score! Sooooo tippy (this has nothing to do with any specific tip I just wanted to include it somewhere) Tip #20: Get All Your Stuff Together the Night Before The day of the test, your palms will be sweaty, knees weak, arms heavy. The last thing you want to do is forget your ACT test ticket or pencils. So the day before the test, make sure you have all your stuff in one place, ideally in a backpack. The most important things: ACT admission ticket Acceptable photo ID #2 pencils and erasers ACT-Approved Calculator There are other optional things like snacks and water bottle we highly recommend. Don't even question it - just pack it in the day before so on the morning of the test, you'll be ready. Tip #21: Remain Calm When all is said and done, the best tip that anyone can give you is to stop psyching yourself out.Since your score for any given section on the ACT is riding on the single block of time that you have to answer the questions, freaking out about one hard question could really hurt you. If you run into a question you don’t know, just skip it!It might seem easier when you come back to it later with less time pressure. Keep in mind that it’s not the end of the world if you don’t get your highest scores on this test.You’ll have opportunities to take it again, and you can always improve! Review We've gone through 20 of the most important tips you should be using to do well on the ACT. Here's a complete list: English 1. Know your grammar rules2. Watch out for "no change" answers Writing 3. Plan essay examples beforehand4. Cater to the essay graders Math 5. Know the formulas6. Fill in content gaps7. Solve questions on your own first Reading 8. Read your strongest topic area first9. Find the right passage reading strategy10. Predict the answer before looking at the choices11. Rely only on direct evidence12. Get intellectually curious Science 13. Do the conflicting viewpoints section last14. Rely on the visuals15. Don't be intimidated Overall Test Taking Tips 16. Use process of elimination17. Skip tough questions18. Double check your answers19. Bubble at the end, and fill in all the bubbles20. Pack all your stuff the day before the test.21. Stay calm If you follow this advice in your studying and during the test, you'll end up dramatically improving your scores! Remember to use more in-depth strategies to study for each section and improve your content knowledge before implementing tips. Check out our articles on how to get perfect scores on every section of the ACT for more strategies. What's Next? Take a look at our complete planand this six step guide to figure out when you should start studying for the ACT! Need more resources to supplement your studying? Read this article on the ten best books for ACT prep. Are you trying to figure out when you should take the ACT? Here's our guide to figuring out your ideal test dates! Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also have expert instructors who can grade every one of your practice ACT essays, giving feedback on how to improve your score. Check out our 5-day free trial: